In 1997, the Italian novelist Umberto Eco wrote an essay titled "Ur-Fascism" describing the 14 characteristics of fascism. His little book How to Spot a Fascist was published in 2011 in English. The "Ur-Fascism" essay is the first of three in the slim volume. I read it last month as many countries around the world flirt with electing fascist dictators.  

In the essay, Eco is clear that while Nazis are fascists, not all fascists are Nazis.  The Nazi regime had a clear, horrible, ideology. Fascists can have an ideology, but they can also change ideologies as needed. Mussolini did not persecute Jews until his Nazi allies became his overlords.  Then he deported Italian Jews to death camps.

Eco was born in fascist Italy under the rule of Mussolini in 1932 living most of his childhood in a nation at war, then in a defeated nation after the war. He saw fascism in triumph and utter defeat.

Reading Eco's list, it will be very easy to see Vladimir Putin, Victor Orban, and Erdogan of Turkey. It is just as easy to see Donald Trump, but only as a wannabe. Trump is a coward. His cowardice saved America in 2021 when any would-be dictator with a pair of balls would have walked to the Capital with his mob and taken over on the spot. 

Trump allowed himself to be led back to his TV and snacks.   If he gets in power again, we may not be so lucky. His rage for revenge may overpower his cowardice. 

The 14 Characteristics of Fascism:

1. The cult of tradition. “One has only to look at the syllabus of every fascist movement to find the major traditionalist thinkers. The Nazi gnosis was nourished by traditionalist, syncretistic, occult elements.” 

2. The rejection of modernism. “The Enlightenment, the Age of Reason, is seen as the beginning of modern depravity. In this sense Ur-Fascism can be defined as irrationalism.” 

3. The cult of action for action’s sake. “Action being beautiful in itself, it must be taken before, or without, any previous reflection. Thinking is a form of emasculation.” 

4. Disagreement is treason. “The critical spirit makes distinctions, and to distinguish is a sign of modernism. In modern culture the scientific community praises disagreement as a way to improve knowledge.” 

5. Fear of difference. “The first appeal of a fascist or prematurely fascist movement is an appeal against the intruders. Thus Ur-Fascism is racist by definition.” 

6. Appeal to social frustration. “One of the most typical features of the historical fascism was the appeal to a frustrated middle class, a class suffering from an economic crisis or feelings of political humiliation, and frightened by the pressure of lower social groups.” 

7. The obsession with a plot. “Thus at the root of the Ur-Fascist psychology there is the obsession with a plot, possibly an international one. The followers must feel besieged.” 

8. The enemy is both strong and weak. “By a continuous shifting of rhetorical focus, the enemies are at the same time too strong and too weak.” 

9. Pacifism is trafficking with the enemy. “For Ur-Fascism there is no struggle for life but, rather, life is lived for struggle.” 

10. Contempt for the weak. “Elitism is a typical aspect of any reactionary ideology.” 

11. Everybody is educated to become a hero. “In Ur-Fascist ideology, heroism is the norm. This cult of heroism is strictly linked with the cult of death.” 

12. Machismo and weaponry. “Machismo implies both disdain for women and intolerance and condemnation of nonstandard sexual habits, from chastity to homosexuality.” 

13. Selective populism. “There is in our future a TV or Internet populism, in which the emotional response of a selected group of citizens can be presented and accepted as the Voice of the People.” 

14. Ur-Fascism speaks Newspeak. “All the Nazi or Fascist schoolbooks made use of an impoverished vocabulary, and an elementary syntax, in order to limit the instruments for complex and critical reasoning.”

Fascists and Fundamentalists Don't Care if You (or your mother) Die

 

Anti-vaxx, anti-mask Republicans don't care who dies

Fascism has no ideology.  It is not a coherent system of beliefs.  Fascists:

--Love violence

--Love displays of strength, especially against weak victims

--Ally with nationalist religion

Fundamentalists of whatever nationalist religion, strive for theocracy, because when their god is in charge, they get to speak for god.  

Fascists and fundamentalists take different routes to domination, but their goal is the same: full control of a state remade in their image.  

In the case of Islamic extremists, Jihad is fascism and Sharia is fundamentalism.  The Islamic fundamentalists who want to form caliphates bring together political fascism and fundamentalism in a state that is maiming and murdering its own people.

I wrote in 2016 that Trump is neither Hitler nor Mussolini because those fascist dictators were men of considerable personal courage--that was their path to power.  Trump is whining bully who plays a strong man on TV.  

But Trump is a fascist. After he left the White House, the Republican Party has become more fascist than he is.  

Fascists and fundamentalists are united in not caring how many of their own people die. A fascist of course wants to kill "them," anyone who is not part of their country, party, etc. And every fundamentalist is quite sure their god only cares about those of their faith--the rest of the world is going to Hell.

Neither fundamentalist nor fascist cares if you die. They don't care if your parents die, your kids, your neighbor, your spouse as long as they are triumphant.

Trump worshippers deny he is a fascist, but 2020 made clear Trump's fascist credentials as golden as his toilet.  Trump would not do anything to stop the spread of COVID if he thought it would hurt his chances of re-election.  He turned people against masks, he made antivaxxers of his own people, he did not care about COVID initially because it was brown people and old people dying in blue states as the sad chart above shows.

But now, the sick and the dead are the anti-vaxx, anti-mask dimwits who are Trump's most loyal worshippers. Trump does not care.  Most Republican leaders don't care. The Republicans who do care are hounded and threatened.

Right now in Afghanistan, the Taliban will be forcing Sharia Law (their sick interpretation) on their country.  They will put their Islamic fundamentalist program in place by beating, maiming, raping, enslaving and murdering their own people.  And they will believe they are doing their god's will.

Right now in America, Republicans are pushing a Christian fundamentalist agenda in part because the biggest group that voted for in higher numbers for Trump in 2020 than in 2016 was Evangelical Christians.  

Sacrificing their own people is not a bug of fascism or fundamentalism, it's a feature.  

Nazis are a special case of fascists with an anti-Semitic ideology.  Italian fascists were not anti-Jew immediately, but they got around to it eventually.  French fascists are deeply anti-Jew. They are the source of the Great Replacement Theory that was behind Trump's invading caravans. French fascists like an intellectual veneer on their hateful ideology.  They despise Trump. 

 

Two Guys Comment on the Book I am Reading: How Fascism Works

Reading Hannah Arendt's "Origins of Totalitarianism" led me to start reading Jason Stanley's "How Fascism Works." I happened to be reading the fascism book on a bench in 30th Street Station in Philadelphia. There was a guy napping on the bench opposite me. He woke up, looked at the cover of the book, came over and sat next to me.

He said, "Tell me how that works. Just a quick summary." So I said, "Attack the press, discredit opponents and all history, attack a scapegoat minority and you are on the way." He thanked me.

Then he said, "My girlfriend told me the FBI said I can't ever call her or see her again in my entire life. I think they have to take me to court or arrest me or something. They wouldn't just tell her. Right?"

I said I don't know much about law, but that sounded right. He kept talking. I went to my train.

On the train, a conductor I see once in a while, a veteran, saw me reading the book and making notes in it. He said, "You are always reading some crazy shit." He laughed and kept checking tickets. When I got off the train, I passed him in the doorway.

"You take care Sarge," he said and started laughing again.

We both served in Cold War mechanized units. We talked about the Cold War a couple of times and how crazy it was that it ended. Once in a while when we were on the same train he would see me studying Ancient Greek or Russian and say, "You are one weird dude."