Irony can be lovely in literature. The current living master of irony in my reading is Kazuo Ishiguro especially in his book
The Remains of the Day. Another sad and beautiful master of irony is Walter Miller Jr. in his book
A Canticle for Liebowitz. Miller and Ishiguro intend irony.
Leo Tolstoy did not, but there is more irony at the center of
War and Peace than in the biggest Soviet-era Russian steel mill. The deep love stories that swirl through this beautiful book are set in tragedy a time of war. The story begins in the gossip and whirl of upper class city life and ends with country family life.
At intervals throughout the book, Tolstoy interrupts the narrative to tell us with increasing stridency that great people, and all people, have no real influence on life and history. The collective spirit of the people, and chance, and fate, and the will of God guide events. The great people believe they are in charge, but they are merely corks bobbing on a river flowing where God and nature intend.
While he is telling us great people have no influence, Tolstoy fills hundreds of pages of this 1,500-page book with the actions of Napoleon, Marshall Kutuzov, Emperor Alexander, as well as mayors, generals and other leaders. To learn how great people have no influence, we learn a lot about what they do.
My current reading of War and Peace was on a Kindle in the translation by Pevear and Volokhonsky. In the late 80s I read the Constance Garnett standard translation. In 2000, I read the Almyer and Louise Maude translation.
Since 2000, I have gone to war and after returning from that war read all of the works of
Hannah Arendt. The year in Iraq showed me how deeply Tolstoy was affected by his service in the War in Crimea and how he turned that experience into art. Reading Arendt showed me why I disagreed so completely with the philosophy that fills hundreds of pages of Tolstoy's longest novel.
Central to Hannah Arendt's view of the human condition is natality. She says that each person when born has the potential to influence the world. Each new life is a new beginning. Further, in her book titled
The Human Condition Arendt divides human activity into Labor, Work and Action. Labor is work done that leaves no trace--factory work, cleaning, cooking. Work is creating things that endure--furniture, works of art, jewelry. Action is influencing others.
When we act, we influence others who have wills and ideas of their own, so we never know what will come of our words. Leaders persuade people to act but the message strikes each individual in a different way. So what seems a mass from the outside is really individuals, each moved in their own way by the message. In fact some may hear the message and become opponents while others follow.
Natality, in Arendt's description, brings unique possibilities into the world in the life of every individual. After reading Arendt, reading Tolstoy's philosophy gave me the same feeling I have when reading Sam Harris and other determinists. I understand why they believe what they do, but cannot agree. Natality gives me billions of reasons to know that something new could come into the world begin by one person and change the world, for good or ill.
In the first epilogue of War and Peace Tolstoy says his book is not a novel. It's his book, so he can say whatever he wants. But the story itself is wonderful on its own terms. The philosophy underneath it does not affect the intricate beauty of the story Tolstoy tells. If I read it again, I will skip the philosophy and enjoy the story.
